1. See in particular, J. C. Hsiung (ed.), Beyond China’s Independent Foreign Policy: Challenge for the US and its Asian Allies; H. Harding (ed.), China’s Foreign Relations in the 1980s; S. S. Kim (ed.), China and the World: New Directions in Chinese Foreign Relations; L. Dittmer, Sino-Soviet Normalisation and Its International Implications, 1945–1990; T. W. Robinson and D. Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. See also published works in Chinese: Tian Zengpei (ed.), Gaige Kaifang Yilai de Zhongguo Waijiao (China’s Diplomacy since the Opening and Reform); and Xue Mouhong et al, Dangdai Zhongguo Waijiao.
2. See Hu Yaobang, ‘Report to the Twelfth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party’, Beijing Review, 37 (1982) 29. In December 1982, the independent foreign policy was incorporated into the revised Constitution of the PRC. See ‘Constitution of the People’s Republic of China’, Beijing Review, 52 (1982) 11.
3. Zhao Ziyang, ‘Report on the Seventh Five-Year Plan’, Beijing Review, 16 (1986), Centrefold, xvii–xviii.
4. Allen Whiting noted a particular instance of such a theme recurring in China’s acrimony against the United States in 1982. See Whiting, ‘Assertive Nationalism in Chinese Foreign Policy’, Asian Survey, XXIII, 8 (1983) 916.
5. Harding, ‘China’s Changing Roles in the Contemporary World’, in Harding (ed.), China’s Foreign Relations in the 1980s, pp. 206–8. For an example of China’s radically advocating the destruction of the international system, see Lin Biao, ‘Long Live the Victory of the People’ s War!’ Peking Review, 36 (1965) 9–39.