1. This was the unsympathetic name that some of the provincial officials gave him after he repeatedly publicized embarrassing incidents of mistreatment of Africans by Europeans. John Lonsdale, “Political Associations in Western Kenya,” in Protest and Power in Black Africa, ed. Ali Mazrui and Robert Rotberg (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 608.
2. Owen promoted a decades-long campaign against forced labor beginning in 1920. For more on Owen, see Opolot Okia, “In the Interests of Community: Archdeacon Walter Owen and the Issue of Communal Forced Labor in Kenya, 1921–1930,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 32, no. 2 (2004): 19–40;
3. Nancy Murray, “Archdeacon W. E. Owen: Missionary as Propagandist,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 15, no. 4 (1982): 653–70;
4. Leon Spencer, “Christianity and Colonial Protest: Perceptions of W. E. Owen, Archdeacon of Kavirondo,” Journal of Religion in Africa 13, no. 1 (1982): 47–60.
5. For more on the missionary role, see Roland Oliver, The Missionary Factor in East Africa (London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1967);