1. Arthur Abraham, Introduction to the Precolonial History of Mende in Sierra Leone (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003): 50–60.
2. Arthur Abraham, “The Pattern of Warfare and Settlement Among the Mende of Sierra Leone in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century,” Kroniek van Afrika 2 (1975): 121–40.
3. Darrell L. Reeck, “Innovators in Religion and Politics in Sierra Leone, 1875–1896,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 5, no. 4 (1972): 587–609.
4. Kenneth C. Wylie and James S. Harrison, “Initiative and Response in the Sierra Leone Hinterland, 1885–1898: The Chiefs and British Intervention,” Africana Research Bulletin 3, no. 1 (1972): 16–45.
5. Kenneth Little, The Mende of Sierra Leone (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951).