1. The Cold War was initially signaled in Winston Churchill’s famous “iron curtain” speech at Fulton, Missouri on 5 March 1946 and then took definite shape successively in Iran, Turkey, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Berlin and Yugoslavia, and in the Marshall Plan and the Comecon. For a summary discussion on the origins and causes of the Cold War, see R. J. Lieber, No Common Power: Understanding International Relations, 2nd edition (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), pp.33–58;
2. also see R. J. Bresler, “The Origins and Development of the Cold War, 1945–58,” in R. Barston (ed.), International Politics Since 1945: Key Issues in the Making of the Modern World (Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1991), pp.1–18.
3. See R. Jervis, “The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol.24 (December 1980) 563–92.
4. These views are found in W. Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988);
5. J. Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982);