1. The Discovery of the Asylum: social order and disorder in the New Republic (Little Brown Boston 1971); G. Grob, Mental Institutions in America: social policy to 1875 (NY Free Press New York 1973); A. Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: madness and society in Britain, 1700–1900 (Yale University Press London 1993); M. Finnane, Insanity and the Insane in post-Famine Ireland (Croom Helm London 1981); S. Garton, Medicine and Madness: a social history of insanity in New South Wales, 1880–1940 (New South Wales University Press Kensington NSW 1988); R. Castel, The Regulation of Madness: the origins of incarceration in France (Polity Press Oxford 1988). Case studies of individual institutions include, R. Hunter and I. MacAlpine, Psychiatry for the Poor. 1851 Colney Hatch Asylum-Friern Hospital 1973: a medical and social history (Dawsons Folkestone 1974); N. Tomes, A Generous Confidence: Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Art of Asylum Keeping, 1840–1883 (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1985); A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine: a study of the York Retreat, 1796–1914 (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1985; E. Dwyer, Homes for the Mad: life inside two nineteenth century asylums (Rutgers University Press New Brunswick 1987); E. Malcolm, Swift’s Hospital: a story of St. Patrick’s Hospital, Dublin 1746–1989 (Gill and Macmillan Dublin 1989); C. MacKenzie, Psychiatry for the Rich: a history of the Private Ticehurst Asylum, 1792–1917 (Routledge London 1992).
2. See A. Digby, Madness, Morality and Medicine; R. Hunter and I. MacAlpine, Psychiatry for the Poor; N. Tomes, A Generous Confidence; S. Short, Victorian Lunacy: Richard M. Bucke and the Practice of late Nineteenth-century Psychiatry (Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1986).
3. See T. Turner, ‘Schizophrenia as a Permanent Problem’, History of Psychiatry, 3, 1992; E. Renvoize and A. Beveridge, ‘Mental Illness and the late Victorians: a study of patients admitted to three asylums in York 1880–1884’, in Psychological Medicine, 19, 1989; R. Persaud, ‘A comparison of symptoms recorded from the same patients by an asylum doctor and a “Constant Observer” in 1823: the implications for theories about psychological illness in history’, in History of Psychiatry, 3, 1992.
4. It has been argued that statistics are a productive medium which does no more than create new identities rather than transparently relate existing ones. As such it is not at all clear that an exercise in statistical compilation is desirable if the objective is to get an accurate picture of a group or population. See for example, I. Hacking, ‘Making Up People’, in T. Heller, M. Sosna and D. Wellerby (eds), Reconstructing Individualism: autonomy, individuality and the self in Western thought (Stanford University Press Stanford 1986); B. Cohn, ‘The Census, Social Structure and Objectification in South India’, in B.Cohn (ed.), An Anthropologist among the Historians and Other Essays (Oxford University Press 1987).
5. A. Beveridge, ‘Madness in Victorian Edinburgh: a study of patients admitted to the Royal Edinburgh Asylum under Thomas Clouston 18731908, Part II’, in History of Psychiatry, 6, 1995, p. 134.