1. Hans-Dietrich Schultz, ‘Deutschlands “natürliche Grenzen” ’, in Alexander Demondt (ed.), Deutschlands Grenzen in der Geschichte, (Munich, 1991), pp. 32–93 (32–6). On cartography and politics, see also David Gugerli and Daniel Speich, Topografien der Nation. Politik, kartografische Ordnung und Landschaft im 19. Jahrhundert (Zürich, 2002).
2. The best introduction to this period of German history in English is James Sheehan, German History 1770–1866 (Oxford, 1989).
3. For good short accounts of the historiography, see the opening passages of two essays by Elisabeth Fehrenbach, ‘Der Kampf um die Einführung des Code Napoléon in den Rheinbundstaaten’ and ‘Verfassungs- und sozialpolitische Reformen und Reformprojekte in Deutschland unter dem Einfluß des napoleonischen Frankreich’, both in Hans-Werner Hahn and Jürgen Müller (eds) Politische Umbruch und gesellschaftliche Bewegung (Munich, 1997).
4. For a brief survey, see the review article by T. C. W. Blanning, ‘Death and Transfiguration in Prussia’, Historical Journal 29 (1986), 433–59.
5. Most historians agree on the relative insignificance of ‘German Jacobins’. The French themselves, even during their own Jacobin phase, preferred other collaborators, finding enthusiasts for revolution inept, poorly connected and poor instruments for imperial rule. In English various studies by Tim Blanning are invaluable on this subject such as The French Revolution in Germany: Occupation and Resistance in the Rhineland, 1792–1802 (Oxford, 1983) and Reform and Revolution in Mainz, 1743–1803 (Cambridge, 1974). The most assiduous historian of German Jacobins is Walter Grab; see, for example, Ein Volk muss seine Freiheit selbst erobern: zur Geschichte der deutschen Jakobiner (Frankfurt/Main, 1984).