1. M. McFaul, ‘Explaining Party Formation and Nonformation in Russia’, Comparative Political Studies, 34 (2001): 1162.
2. Ibid., pp. 1168–9; C. Ross, ‘Political Parties and Regional Democracy’, in C. Ross, ed., Regional Politics in Russia ( Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002 ), pp. 37–56
3. D. Slider, ‘Russia’s Governors and Party Formation’, in A. Brown, ed., Contemporary Russian Politics: A Reader ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 ), pp. 223–334
4. K. Stoner-Weiss, ‘The Limited Reach of Russia’s Party System: Underinstitutionalisation in Dual Transitions’, Politics and Society, 29 (2001): 385–414.
5. In 1993, 141 independents were elected to the Duma. The figures for 1995 and 1999 are 78 and 114 respectively. (Figures taken from: S. White, R. Rose and I. McAllister, How Russia Votes (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House), pp. 125 and 224