1. Théodule Ribot, Les Maladies de la mémoire (1881; Paris: Felix Alcan, 1888), p. 1.
2. Alfred Binet, Introduction à la psychologie expérimentale (Paris: Felix Alcan, 1894), p. 69. Binet had begun his investigations under the influence of British associationism with the publication of his first article ‘De la Fusion des sensations’ in the Revue philosophique (1880), 10: 284–94. There he considered the possibility of memory as exact replication of the past through the association of similar ideas or sensations, the tactile, for example. Dismissing this early point of view and going beyond initial investigations of elementary psychological life in primitive life forms, he went on to tackle more complex material. His subsequent writings included studies of two strata of consciousness in dual personalities and a later book L’Etude expérimentale de l’intelligence (1922) in which memory was viewed as a faculty.
3. Hermann Ebbinghaus, Memory: a Contribution to Experimental Psychology, trans. Henry A. Ruger and Clara E. Bussenius (New York: Dover Publications, 1964), p. 19.
4. William James, ‘Frederic Myers’ Service to Psychology’ in Essays in Psychical Research (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 198.
5. Letter of 15 fevrier 1905 of Henri Bergson to William James in R.M. MoiseBastide (ed.), Ecrits etparoles (Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1957). Bergson wrote that the subconscious was an integral part of consciousness, interwoven with it et non pas underlying ie.