1. Robert K. Merton, ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 3, 1938, pp. 672–82.
2. Richard Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin, Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs, New York: Free Press, 1960.
3. For a very good and basically favourable account of Merton’s strain theory see Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld, Crime and the American Dream, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.
4. As well as the major figures discussed in the main text several articles were published in the 1970s and early 1980s exploring the possibilities of a Marxist analysis of crime. One example is Stephen Spitzer, ‘Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance’, Social Problems, Vol. 22, June 1975, pp. 638–51. This is best seen as an exploratory article looking at possibilities.
5. Another is Mark Colvin and John Pauley, ‘A Critique of Criminology: Toward an Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory of Delinquency Production’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 3, 1983, pp. 513–51, a massively ambitious piece which attempts to develop a substantially modified Marxist analysis of class and correlate it with empirical findings about delinquency.