1. Alec G. Hargreaves, Immigration, “Race” and Ethnicity in Contemporary France (London, 1995): 115.
2. Jean-Pierre Moulin, Enquête sur la France multiraciale (Paris, 1985): 15–16.
3. Mar Fall, Des africains noirs en France: Des tirailleurs sénégalais aux … Blacks (Paris, 1986).
4. See Raymond Bachollet, Jean-Barthélem, and Anne-Claude Lelieur, Négripub: L’image des noirs dans la publicité (Paris, 1992).
5. Leora Auslander and Thomas C. Holt, “Sambo in Paris: Race and Racism in the Iconography of the Everyday,” in The Color ofLiberty: Histories of Race in France, ed. Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovall (Durham, NC, 2003): 147–184.