1. Christopher Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931–1933 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972) and
2. Ian Nish, Japan’s Struggle with Internationalism: Japan, China and the League of Nations, 1931–1933 (London: Kegan Paul International, 1993) explore Manchuria as a test case of collective security.
3. The treaties entailed, among other things, that the nine powers of Japan, the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, and China would seek to uphold China’s integrity, maintain the principle of equal opportunity, and to provide an environment for its development. See Akira Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (London: Longman, 1987), 2.
4. Ian Nish, Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka (London: Routledge, 1977), 7.
5. Eguchi Keiichi. Jugonen Sensō Shōshi [A Condensed History of the Fifteen Years’ War] (Aoki Shoten, 1991), 19.