1. John R. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 3; David Lowenthal, “Identity, Heritage, and History,” in Gillis, Commemorations, p. 47;
2. Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995), p. 4.
3. Haim Gerber shows that the term “Bilad al-Sham,” which Arab writers used to denote greater or geographic Syria, encompassed Palestine. Biographical dictionaries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries mentioned areas with the qualifier “land,” such as bilad Nablus (Muradi 1883, 1: 11, 2: 10) or bilad Safad (ibid., 2: 254), indicating their distinct identity and difference from “Filastin,” which referred to the southern part of the country. Haim Gerber, “The Limits of Constructedness: Memory and Nationalism in the Arab Middle East,” Nations and Nationalism 10, no. 3 (2004): 256–58. The great early-nineteenth-century Egyptian historian ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti referred to the inhabitants of al-‘Arish in the Sinai Peninsula as Syrians; see ‘Asim Muhammad ‘Ali Hasani, “Judhur al-dawla fi al-ta’rikh al-filastini,” Ru’ya, no. 29 (February 2006), http://www.sis.gov.ps /arabic/roya/29/page10.html
4. See C. Ernest Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973);
5. Eliezer Tauber, The Emergence of the Arab Movements (London: Frank Cass, 1993);