The Negative Side Effects of Transparency
Publisher
Palgrave Macmillan US
Reference44 articles.
1. According to one of the most extensive studies available so far, eliminating affirmative action in top-tier universities would entail a 50 percent to 75 percent decrease in the numbers of black students (even though it would only increase the ex ante likelihood of admission for each white applicant by a small margin); see William Bowen and Derek Bok, The Shape of the River. Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 34–35, 39.
2. See generally Linda Hamilton Krieger, “The Content of Our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach on Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity,” Stanford Law Review 47, July 1995, pp. 1161–1248 (brilliantly reviewing a substantial portion of the relevant literature).
3. In some cases the subjects had been informed that their assignment to one “group” or another was purely random; in others the people involved were divided according to a minimal common denominator such as a stated preference for one item out of a set of paintings or photographs; see Henri Tajfel, Michael Billig, R.P. Bundy, and Claude Flament, “Social Categorization and Intergroup Behavior,” European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 1971, pp. 165–166.
4. See Henri Tajfel, “Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice,” Journal of Social Issues, 25 (4), 1969, p. 81;
5. Thomas Ostrom and Constantine Sedikides, “Out-Group Homogeneity Effects in Natural and Minimal Groups” Psychological Bulletin. 112 (3) 1992 pp. 536–552.