1. I am aware of the problems associated with using terms such as migrant and native. By migrant, I mean foreign nationals with permanent or temporary status in Italy. By native, I mean Italian-born and ethnic Italian citizens. In some cases, I prefer to use the term immigrant because migrant suggests a transitory status and has been used by the government to justify an incomplete integration of foreigners. On the use of the term migrant, see Laura Agustín, “Forget Victimization: Granting Agency to Migrants,” Development 46 (September 2003): 30–36.
2. See, e.g., Jacqueline Andall, Gender, Migration and Domestic Service: The Politics of Black Women in Italy (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, 2000); Rhacel Salazar Parrenas, Servants of Globalization Women, Migration and DomesticWork (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001); Helma Lutz, “At Your Service, Madam! The Globalization of Domestic Service,” Feminist Review 70 (2002): 89–104; Giovanna Campani, “Immigrant Women in Southern Europe: Social Exclusion, Domestic Work and Prostitution in Italy,” in Eldorado or Fortress?: Mig ration in Southern Europe, eds. Russell King, Gabriella Lazaridis, and Charalambos Tsardanidis (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 145–69; Gabriella Lazaridis, “Filipino and Albanian Women Migrant Workers in Greece: Multiple Layers of Oppression,” in Gender and Migration in Southern Europe: Women on the Move, eds. Floya Anthias and Gabriella Lazaridis (New York: Berg, 2000), 49–79.
3. Heather Merrill, “Making Space for Antiracist Feminism in Northern Italy,” in Feminism and Antiracism: International Struggles for Justice, eds. France Winddance Twine and Kathleen M. Blee (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 17–36.
4. For a more complete discussion of women’s associations in Italy, see Wendy Pojmann, Immigrant Women and Feminism in Italy (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, 2006).
5. Wendy Pojmann, “Emancipation or Liberation?: Women’s Associations and the Italian Movement,” The Historian 67, no. 1 (March 2005): 73–96.