1. Karen Blair, The Clubwoman as Feminist: True Womanhood Redefined, 1868–1914 (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1980);
2. Anne Firor Scott, Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992);
3. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992);
4. Anne Meis Knupfer, Toward a Tenderer Humanity and a Nobler Womanhood: African American Women’s Clubs in Turn-ofthe-Century Chicago (New York: New York University Press, 1996);
5. and Anne Ruggles Gere, Intimate Practices: Literacy and Cultural Work in U. S. Women’s Clubs, 1880–1920 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997).