1. On competitiveness today, see Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Territorial Reviews (Paris: OECD, 2006), 55.
2. Ibid., 85–153.
3. These clusters are classified into four categories: competitive clusters, visibility clusters, emerging technology clusters, and manufacturing clusters; ibid., 110.
4. OECD Territorial Reviews. Seoul Korea. Policy Brief (Paris: OECD, 2006).
5. Charles Landry, The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators (London: Earthscan, 2000), 87–90.