1. Karl Polanyi, “The Economy as Instituted Process,” in The Sociology of Economic Life, ed. Mark Granovetter and Richard Swedberg (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1982), 29–51, at 33.
2. Karl Polanyi, The Livelihood of Man, ed. Harry W. Pearson ( New York: Academic Press, 1977 ), 51–52.
3. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston, MA: Beacon, 1957), 47–53; Livelihood, 34–47; “Instituted Process,” 35.
4. William C. Schaniel and Walter C. Neale, “Quasi-Commodities in the First and Third Worlds,” Journal of Economic Issues 33, no. 1 (1999): 95–115. A full commodity for them is one that is produced in factory-like ways for sale on a commercial market, p. 96. My definition (above) adds the role of capitalist competition to reduce socially necessary labor and turnover times, which is a key factor in distinguishing craft and professional intellectual labor from the formal or real subsumption of“work for hire” and, above all, from a fully constituted capitalist immaterial labor process producing real commodities (see table 6. 1 ).
5. Karl Marx, Capital, vol. I (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), 993; Dan Schiller, “How to Think about Information,” in The Political Economy of Information ed. V. Mosco and J. Wasko (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988): 27–44, at 32.