1. Joachim Glaubitz, Between Tokyo and Moscow: The History of an Uneasy Relationship, 1972 to the 1990s (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1995), pp. 181–98.
2. See also Hiroshi Kimura, Distant Neighbors (Vol. I): Japanese-Russian Relations under Brezhnev and Andropov (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000), p. 211.
3. Gilbert Rozman, Japans Response to the Gorbachev Era, 1985–1991: A Rising Superpower Views a Declining One (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 151.
4. See also Kazuhiko Togo, Nichiro shinjidai e no joso: Dakai no kagi wo motomete (Tokyo: Saimaru, 1993), pp. 42, 182.
5. The 1956 Joint Declaration had stated that upon the signing of a peace treaty the Soviet Union would return the island of Shikotan and the island group of Habomai to Japan. See Nobuo Shimotomai, “Japan-Soviet Relations under Perestroika: Perceptions and Interactions between Two Capitals,” in Gilbert Rozman, ed., Japan and Russia: The Tortuous Path to Normalization, 1949–1999 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), p. 112.