1. For an extensive discussion of the cinaedus see Amy Richlin, “Not Before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the Cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love Between Men,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 (1993): 523–73, esp. 530–34.
2. quaere aliquem Curios semper Fabiosque loquentem,/ hirsutum et dura rusticitate trucem:/ invenies: sed habet tristis quoque turba cinaedos:/ difficile est vero nubere, Galla, viro (Martial 7.58). Compare Martial 1.24: “Do you see, Decianus, that man with hair uncombed, whose gloomy sternness even you fear, who speaks of the Curii and those liberators, the Camilli? Don’t credit his appearance: he became a wife yesterday.” Aspicis incomptis illum, Deciane, capillis,/ cuius et ipse times triste supercilium,/ qui loquitur Curios adsertoresque Camillos?/ Nolito fronti credere: nupsit heri. Cf. 2.36, 2.54, 6.56, 9.27, 9.47, 12.42; cf. Anthologia Palatina 11.155, 157; Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 138–39.
3. For a discussion of mollitia see Catherine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
4. Physical and moral traits are consistently linked in Roman thought. See Elizabeth Cornelia Evans, “Roman Descriptions of Personal Appearance in History and Biography,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 46 (1935): 43–84
5. Maud W. Gleason, “The Semiotics of Gender: Physiognomy and Self-Fashioning in the Second Century C.E.,” in David M. Halperin, John J. Winkler, and Froma I. Zeitlin, eds., Before Sexuality; The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 389–415.