1. Tim Mason, “Whatever Happened to Fascism?” in Reevaluating the Third Reich, ed. Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (New York, 1991), pp. 254–62. The article originally appeared in 1991 in Radical History Review.
2. This quotation and the following are from Ze’ev Sternhell as quoted in Robert Tombs, “Was Fascism Fleeting?” Times Literary Supplement, 14 September 2001, 26.
3. See, esp. the interesting observations by Juan J. Linz, Fascism, Breakdown of Democracy, Authoritarian and Totalitarian Regimes: Coincidences and Distinctions (Estudio/Working Paper 2002/179, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investigaciones, Madrid, 2002). See also, Wichert ten Have, De Nederlandse Unie (Amsterdam, 1999), pp. 65–66; and Robert Francis, Thierry Maulnier, and Jean-Pierre Maxence, Demain la France (Paris, 1934), pp. 158ff.
4. The quotation is from the Belgian fascist leader Léon Dégrelle. See his, Revolution des Ames (Paris, 1938), pp. 149–50.
5. Roger Griffin, International Fascism: Theories, Causes, and the New Consensus (London, 1998), p. x; and Hans Mommsen, “Faschismus,” in Hermann Graml, Angelika Konigseder, and Juliane Wetzel, eds., Vorurteil und Rassenhass: Antisemitismus in den faschistischen Bewegungen Europas (Berlin, 2001), pp. 25–26.