1. Richard Wright, Twelve Million Black Voices (London: Thunder’s Mouth, 1941), 146.
2. Robin D.G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 183–184.
3. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr., From Slavery to Freedom, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1988), 250–251.
4. See William B. Banks, Black Intellectuals: Race and Responsibility in American Life (New York: Norton, 1996); and Ross Posnock, Color & Culture: Black Writers and the Making of Modern Intellectuals (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1998).
5. W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Random House, 1994), 12.