1. Aguayo, Sergio. 1985. El éxodo centroamericano: Consecuencias de un conflicto. México, D.F.: Secretaría de Educación Pública.
2. Barkan, Elliott. 2004. America in the Hand, Transnational and Translocal Immigrant Experiences in the American West. Western Historical Quarterly, (Autumn 2004): 331–354.
3. Basch, Linda, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc. 1994. Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation- States. Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach.
4. Bourdieau, Pierre. 1998. L’essence du neoliberalism. Le Monde Diplomatique, March, 3. Accessed online (6/18/99) at http:www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1998/03/BOURDIEAU/10167.html .
5. Centro Latinoamericano de Demografía (CELADE). 1997. Nicaragua: País de Emigrantes? Santiago de Chile: UNFPA.