1. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture and Politics, (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002), 2.
2. Mi Shoujiang and You Jia, trans. Min Chang, Islam in China, (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2004), 1.
3. According to Mi and You (2004), Arabian envoys visited China 37 times during this period. However, some other historians consider the times should be 39. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China, (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2005).
4. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest, (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11.
5. Raphael Israeli, ℌThe Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,ℍ Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901–919.