1. M. T. W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe A.D. 500 to 900, 2nd ed. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976).
2. David Knowles and D. Obolensky, The Christian Centuries, Vol. 2: The Middle Ages (New York: Paulist Press, 1983), 129.
3. Julian Marias, The History of Philosophy (New York: Dover Publications, 1967)
4. The term “renaissance” has a long history of use and abuse, starting with Charles Homer Haskins challenge to the academic world with his The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927).
5. Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400-1400 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 62.