1. Sujatha Fernandes, “Fear of a Black Nation: Local Rappers, Transnational Crossings, and State Power in Contemporary Cuba,” Anthropological Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2005): 575–608; Mark Q. Sawyer, “Race to the Future: Racial Politics in Latin America 2015,” Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 3 (2005): 561–64; Michael Hanchard, Party/Politics: Horizons in Black Political Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Tianna Paschel “The Right to Difference: Explaining Colombia’s Shift from Colorblindness to the Law of Negritude” (master’s thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2007).
2. John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology 82, no. 6 (1987): 1212–41.
3. Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971); Michael Hanchard, Orpheus and Power: The Movimiento Negro of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo Brazil, 1945–1988 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
4. France W. Twine, Racism in a Racial Democracy (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Jim Sidanius and Yesilernis Peña, and Mark Sawyer, “Inclusionary Discrimination: Pigmentocracy and Patriotism in the Dominican Republic,” Political Psychology 21, no. 4 (2001): 827–51; Mark Q. Sawyer, Racial Politics in Post Revolutionary Cuba (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
5. Peter Wade, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America (Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 1997).