1. After making Jakarta a special territory headed by a governor (in 1960), Sukarno appointed Henk Ngantung (1921–1991), a well-known painter, as the deputy of the governor of Jakarta. Then Ngantung held the position of governor from 1964 until he was dismissed by Sukarno’s fall in 1965-Ngantung’s main challenge was to transform Jakarta artistically into a representative international venue and Indonesia’s modern capital. See Jacques Leclerc, “Mirrors and the Lighthouse: A Search for Meaning in the Monuments and Great Works of Sukarno’s Jakarta, 1960–1966,” in Urban Symbolism, ed. Peter Nas (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993), 38–58.
2. A term developed by Clifford Geertz, used by Kusno for the subject. See Abidin Kusno, “Modern Beacon and Traditional Polity: Jakarta in the Time of Sukarno,” Journal of Southeast Asian Architecture 2, no. 1 (November 1997): 30–38.
3. Farabi Fakih, Membayangkan Ibu Kota: Jakarta di Bawah Sukarno (Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2005), 152–157.
4. Abidin Kusno, Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures in Indonesia (London: Routledge, 2000), 52.
5. Marco Kusumawijaya, “Jakarta, Sang Metropolis,” Kalam 19 (2002): 26–7.