1. Basting, Anne Davis. The Stages of Age: Performing Age in Contemporary American Culture. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1998.
2. Black and Blue. Dir. Claudio Segovia and Hector Orzzoli. Chor. Cholly Atkins, Henry Le Tang, Frankie Manning, Fayard Nicholas. Minskoff Theatre, New York. 1989–1991.
3. Colaneri, Elaine. Personal interview. Apr. 14, 2009.
4. Cotton Club. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Richard Gere, Gregory Hines, Diane Lane. 1984.
5. Covey, H.C., and P.T. Lockman. “Narrative References to Older African Americans Living under Slavery.” Social Science Journal 33 (1996): 23–38.