1. Epigraphs are from Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), I.58.
2. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (1978; New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 23
3. Epigraphs are from Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), I.58; Edward W. Said, Orientalism (1978; New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 23; Anthony Pagden, Worlds at War: The 2,500-Year Struggle Between East and West (New York: Random House, 2008), xiv–xv.
4. Pagden’s groundbreaking studies on Western imperialism include Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c. 1800 (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1995)
5. Pagden, Worlds at War, 526–7. Pagden’s groundbreaking studies on Western imperialism include Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c. 1800 (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1995), European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994), and The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). See also Pagden, Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present (New York: Modern Library, 2001), which anticipates his polemic in Worlds at War.