1. Florencia E. Mallon, “The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History,” The American Historical Review, 99, no. 5 (December 1994): 1491–1515.
2. Frederick Cooper, “Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History,” The American Historical Review, 99, no. 5 (December 1994): 1516–1545.
3. Stuart Hall, “What is the ‘Black’ in Black Popular Culture,” in Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, ed. David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen (New York: Routledge, 1996), 443.
4. Michelle Wright, Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), 3.
5. Ibid.; Judith A. Byfield, LaRay Denzer, and Anthea Morrison, eds., Gendering the African Diaspora: Women, Culture, and Historical Change in the Caribbean and Nigerian Hinterland (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010).