1. Lee Patterson addresses this conflict directly in Chaucer and the Subject of History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), pp. 322–66.
2. Lines X.777–78. All references to Chaucer’s poetry come from Larry D. Benson, ed., The Riverside Chaucer, 3rd edn. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987). Parenthetical references indicate both fragment and line number.
3. John Matthews Manly, Some New Light on Chaucer: Lectures Delivered at the Lowell Institute (1926; repr. New York: Peter Smith, 1951).
4. Muriel A. Bowden, A Commentary on the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, 2nd edn. (1948; repr. New York: Macmillan, 1967).
5. Jill Mann, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1973).