1. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State, The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1870–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
2. Sanford Jacoby, “American Exceptionalism Revisited: The Importance of Management” in Sanford Jacoby, ed., Masters to Managers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives on American Employers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 182.
3. See Sven Beckert, “Propertied of a Different Kind: Bourgeoisie and Lower-Middle Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States,” in Burt Bledstein and Robert Johnston, eds., Middling Sorts: Essays in the History of the American Middle Class (London: Routledge, 2001), 285–295.
4. Ronald Story, The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard & The Boston Upper Class, 1800–1870 (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1980);
5. Gabriel Almond “Plutocracy and Politics in New York City” (Ph.D. dissertation: University of Chicago, 1938).