1. Milton Howard, “Chicago: Testing Ground for American Fascism,” Daily Worker, June 1, 1937; Kim Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands: The Businessmen’s Crusade Against the New Deal (New York: WW. Norton, 2009), pp. 13–24.
2. Robert Slayton, “Labor and Urban Politics: District 31, Steel Workers Organizing Committee, and the Chicago Machine,” Journal of Urban History 23 (November 1996): 30–2.
3. Ibid; Thomas F. Dorrance, “Remarking on Older Deal: Chicago Employment Politics, 1932–1936,” Labor: Studies in Working-class History of the Americas 7(Winter 2010): 78–79.
4. Milton Mayer, “Portrait of a Dangerous Man,” Harper’s Magazine 193 (July 1946): 64.
5. Roger Biles, Crusading Liberal: Paul H. Douglas of Illinois (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002), pp. 24–5; Levin, Citizens, p. 254; “Citizens Right Group to Probe Strike Rioting,” Chicago Evening American, June 7, 1937.