1. Japanese Ministry of Education, ‘Sangakurenkei now: partnership between universities and industry’, Apr. 2002, p. 4.
2. European Institute of Japanese Studies, Working Paper 107;B Lambert,2000
3. This section is drawn largely from Ken Coates, ‘Back in the race: Japan and the internet’, Japan after the Economic Miracle: In Search of New Direction, P. Bowles and L. Woods (eds), Kluwer Academic Press, 2000, pp. 71–84.
4. Mariko Tomiyama and Yuko Maeda, ‘Internet and Japan’, 1994, (
http://muhucs.helsinki.fi/mailing_ists/pointers/msg00036.html
5. For an excellent historical overview of the development of the Internet and, in particular, the public/private interface in North America, see Janet Abbate, ‘Government, business and the making of the Internet’, Business History Review, 2001, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 147–76.