1. Ivan Turgenev and Ludwig Pietsch, Briefe aus den jahren 1864–1883, ed. Alfred Doren (Berlin: Im Propyläen Verlag, 1923), 147.
2. Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact (New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, Number 1, 1953)
3. see also Joshua A. Fishman, Language Loyalty in the United States (The Hague: Mouton, 1966).
4. On the connection between language and nationalism, see Leonard Forster, The Poet’s Tongues: Multilingualism in Literature (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970)
5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991). It is well to remember that language loyalty occurs also in non-Western cultures. In Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), Sumathi Ramaswamy studies this phenomenon apropos of Tamil, a Dravidian language spoken by several million people in India.