1. For Senegalese clan politics and patron—client relationships, see Robert Fatton, Jr., “Clientelism and Patronage in Senegal,” African Studies Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 61–78 and
2. William J. Foltz, “Social Structure and Political Behavior of Senegalese Elites,” in Steffen W. Schmidt, James C. Scott, Carl Landé, and Laura Guasti (eds.), Friends, Followers and Factions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 242–250.
3. For a review of the history of the political press in Senegal after independence, see Moussa Paye, “La Presse et le Pouvoir,” in Momar Coumba Diop (ed.), Sénégal: Trajectoires d’un État (Paris: Karthala, 1992), pp. 331–337.
4. For the organization and platforms of Senegal’s fifteen political parties in 1983, see Jacques Mariel Nzouankeu, Les Partis Politiques Sénégalais (Dakar: Editions Clairafrique, 1984).
5. Opposition demands for electoral reform increased sharply after the 1988 elections. See Crawford Young and Babacar Kanté, “Governance, Democracy, and the 1988 Senegalese Elections,” in Goren Hyden and Michael Bratton (eds.), Government and Politics in4frica (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992) p. 65. For the provisions of the 1991 electoral code, see L’Unité, No. 195 (September 1991), p. 4.