1. Charles Taylor, “Nationalism and Modernity” in: John A. Hall (ed.), The State of the Nation: Ernest Gellner and the Theory of Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 205. There are “failed states” and parasitic economies that may not immediately be taken over, or forced to undergo appropriate modernizing changes, but this is not a fatal objection to Taylor’s basic position. See also: Shmuel Eisenstadt, N. F. Bonner, Robert Kahane, and B. Seibzehner (eds.), Social Change in Latin American Societies: A Comparative Perspective (Jerusalem: Magnes Press/Hebrew University, 1986).
2. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Re ections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).
3. David Brading, The First Americans: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State 1492–1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
4. François-Xavier Guerra, “Les avatars de la représéntation en Amérique Laune au XIX sièclé,” in: Georges Couffignal (ed.), Réinventer démocratie (Paris: Presses de la Foundation Nationale des Sciences Politfques, 1992): 1–65.
5. Alain Rouquié, Amérique latine: Introduction à l’extrême-occident (Paris: Seuil, 1987).