1. Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, in Kant’s Political Writings, ed. by Hans Reiss, trans. H.B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 93 (emphasis added). The majority of text quoted from Kant’s Perpetual Peace throughout the book derives from this translation. When commentators use alternative translations in their interpretation of the treatise, these are generally noted and any relevant distinctions in language are indicated.
2. Apparently, Kant’s Prelude was not clever enough. The publication of Perpetual Peace immediately “won him the reproach of being a Jacobin (1795).” A.CF. Beales, The History of Peace: A Short Account of the Organized Movements for International Peace (New York: The Dial Press, 1931), p. 36.
3. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, trans. by Louis Wirth and Edward Shils (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954; first published in England, 1936), p. 237 and p. 238, respectively.
4. In a short essay discussing Mannheim’s thought, E.H. Carr once wrote the following: The proposition that thought is influenced and conditioned by the situation of the thinker in time and place had been repeated so often as to become trite and boring. Yet in practice the history of philosophical or political or economic ideas could still be discussed and taught as a self-sufficient entity in which one “school” succeeded another without regard to the social background whose changing character determined the changing patterns of thought. Mannheim labored to show that the history of ideas, like other kinds of history, could not be studied in isolation from the society in which the ideas were born and flourished. (E.H. Carr, From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays (London: MacMillan Press, 1980), pp. 179–80)
5. Edwin Mead, “Immanuel Kant’s Internationalism,” Contemporary Review, CVII (February 1915), p. 228.