1. Gerard Noiriel, “Difficulties in French Historical Research on Immigration,” in Donald L. Horowitz and Noiriel (eds.), Immigrants in Two Democracies: French and American Experience (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 66–67.
2. Myron Weiner, The Global Migration Crisis: Challenge to States and to Human Rights (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), 21–25.
3. Hamilton et al “The Challenge of French Diversity.” Most commentators placed the number of foreigners at much higher levels. Milton Esman, for example, estimated that the number in 1990, legal and illegal, was closer to 5 million than the government’s estimate of 3.5 million. See Milton Esman, Ethnic Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994), 199.
4. For an extensive discussion of postwar population change in France, see Philip E. Ogden, “Immigration to France since 1945: Myth and Reality,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 14 (July 1991): 294–317.
5. Los Angeles Times;R Tempest,1996