1. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 ), 1005–8.
2. Walter Davenport, “The Nickel Shocker,” Collier’s, March 10, 1928, 26.
3. Susan Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922 ( Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987 ), 3.
4. For example, see Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995 ), 10–11.
5. David E. Nye, American Technological Sublime ( Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994 ), 33.