1. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils I, ed. Norman P. Tanner (London/Washington, DC: Sheed and Ward/Georgetown University Press, 1990), pp. 230–31, 245.
2. On Innocent III’s theology, see Christoph Egger, “Innocenz III: als Theologe. Beiträge zur Kenntnis seines Denkens im Rahmen der Frühscholastik,” Archivum historiae pontificiae 30 (1992): 55–123.
3. Martin Luther, Table Talk, trans. William Hazlitt (London: Fount, 1995), ca. 361, p. 184. For Luther’s dismissal of transubstantiation as “a monstruous word and a monstruous idea,” or as “babble” see Luther’s 1520 “Babylonian Captivity of the Church,” in Luther’s Works XXXVI, pp. 31, 44–45 [11–126]; or in “De Capitivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium,” in D. Martin Luthers Werke VI (Weimar: H. Bohlau, 1888), pp. 509, 518 [464–573].
4. Joseph Goering, “The Invention of Transubstantiation,” Traditio 46 (1991): 147–70;
5. see also Gary Macy, “The Dogma of Transubstantiation in the Middle Ages,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 45 (1994): 11–41.