1. I do not take up two elements of the arms embargo — how and why multilateral embargo implementation is successful or unsuccessful, and political uses of isolation to bolster the target regime. On this, see L. L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992);
2. M. Mastanduno, Economic Containment: CoCom and the Politics of East-West Trade (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992);
3. M. P. Doxey, Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement (London: Oxford University Press, 1971). I also do not discuss nuclear sanctions; see D. Fig, “Sanctions and the Nuclear Industry” Chapter 4 in this volume.
4. S. Landgren, Embargo Disimplemented: South Africa’s Military Industry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 14.
5. K. Krause, Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 13.