1. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World ( Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1990 ), p. 23.
2. Jeffrey Herbst, “War and the State in Africa,” International Security Vol. 14, No. 4 (Spring 1990), p. 124.
3. Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 ), p. 184.
4. William Reno,“Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars,” chapter 3 in Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, eds., Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Lynne Rienner and International Development Research Council: Boulder and Ottawa, 2000), p. 45.
5. I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority ( Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995 ).