1. When referring to the UN, one must always be aware that there are, conceptually, two UNs: the UN secretariat, i.e. the international civil service, and UN member-states. In other words, the UN is both an independent actor and an instrument for state interests. For more on this distinction, see Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001). In this chapter, the discussion of UN activity in the Congo is limited to the UN Security Council, i.e. member-states, and the UN Secretariat, and unless we specify otherwise, UN action refers to member-states’ decisions at the Security Council. The activities of specialized UN agencies such as the UN Development Program are not addressed here.
2. See Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995);
3. Linda Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide (New York: Zed Books, 2000);
4. J. Matthew Vaccaro, “The Politics of Genocide: Peacekeeping and Disaster Relief in Rwanda,” in William J. Durch, ed., UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), pp. 367–407;
5. Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda (New York: Farar, Straus, and Giroux, 1998);