1. Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls (London, 2004), p. 170.
2. This holds true not only for members of the International Brigades but also for the foreign volunteers who joined the Nationalist side: Judith Keene, ‘Fighting for God, for Franco and (most of all) for Themselves: Right-Wing Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War’, in Christine G. Krüger and Sonja Levsen, War Volunteering in Modern Times: From the French Revolution to the Second World War (Basingstoke, 2011), p. 218.
3. Richard Baxell, British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (London and New York, 2004), pp. 31–3.
4. Josie McLellan, ‘“I Wanted To Be a Little Lenin”: Ideology and the German International Brigade Volunteers’, Journal of Contemporary History, 41, no. 2 (2006), p. 291.
5. See, for example: McLellan, ‘I Wanted To Be’, p. 292; Baxell, British Volunteers, p. 14; Peter N. Carroll, The Odyssey of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (Stanford, 1994), p. 16;