1. Wallerstein 1964, “Voluntary Associations,” p. 318.
2. Cooper 2002, Africa Since 1940, p. 35.
3. Freund 2007, The African City, p. 87.
4. But see also Little 1957, “Role of Voluntary Associations in West African Urbanization.”
5. See Calas 2010, “Form as a Pretext for Investigating Urban Changes,” for a discussion of some of the challenges confronting residents of Tanzania’s principal city.