1. J. Toye, “Changing Perspectives in Development Economics,” in H. Chang ed., Rethinking Development Economics, London: Anthem Press, 2003, 29;
2. H. Chang, “Rethinking Development Economics: An Introduction,” in ibid., 15. Indeed, Joseph Stiglitz who served as the World Bank’s Chief Economist from 1997 to 1999 and became an ardent critic of the Bank’s neoliberal policies, criticized the tendency of blaming internal factors, such as poor implementation, corruption, and incompetent governments rather than the inadequacy of development policies, with regard to the development malaise of non-Western countries. See J. Stiglitz, “Whither Reform?—Ten Years of the Transition,” in H. Chang ed., Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: the Rebel Within, London: Anthem Press, 2001, 127–171.
3. A. deGrassi, “‘Neopatrimonialism’ and Agricultural Development in Africa: Contributions and Limitations of a Contested Concept,” African Studies Review, Vol. 51, No. 3, 2008, 110.
4. T. Forrest, Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993, 6–7.
5. See A. Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 18.