1. Quoted in Francis Haskell, History and its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 373–74.
2. On Black Plague iconography, see Christine M. Boeckl, Images of Plague and Pestilence: Iconography and Iconology (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2000).
3. Brad Epps, “Seeing the Dead: Manual and Mechanical Specters in Modern Spain (1893–1939),” in Visualizing Spanish Modernity, ed. Susan Larson and Eva Woods (Oxford: Berg, 2005): 118.
4. As noted earlier, the category of race does not occupy a prominent place in flu discourse. More research must be done (additional archives must be combed) before we can know whether Spain’s relations with her African colonies were impacted by the epidemic in the same way as those of other European nations. For example, Terence Ranger has shown that for many Africans in the English colony, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), the failure of Western medicine to explain the epidemic prompted the development of “new types of explanation and practice”: “When these new types emerged, breaking with both indigenous and colonial ideologies, they legitimated themselves by reference back to the pandemic of 1918.” Terrence Ranger, “The Influenza Pandemic in Southern Rhodesia: A Crisis of Comprehension,” in Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, ed. David Arnold (New York: Manchester University Press, 1988), 172.
5. Biographical information about Francés comes from David Vela Cervera’s invaluable doctoral dissertation, Salvador Bartolozz (1881–1950): Ilustración gráfica. Escenografía. Narrativa y teatro paraniños. Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2004. 13 Aug. 2006 <http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=13295&ext=pdf&portal=0>. For studies of caricature in its Spanish context, see María Ángeles Valls Vicente, “Antecedentes de la caricatura en España de la generación de los treinta,” Archivo de Arte Valenciano 85 (2004);