1. L. Cassanelli, “Qat: Changes in the Production and Consumption of a Quasilegal Commodity,” in A. Appadurai, ed., The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986 ).
2. E. Gebissa, Leaf of Allah: Khat and Agricultural Transformation in Hararge, Ethiopia 1875–1991 ( Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 ), 15.
3. N. Carrier, Kenyan Khat: The Social Life of a Stimulant ( Leiden: Brill, 2007 ), 37–9.
4. A. Zaghloul, A. Abdalla, H. El-Gammal, and H. Moselhy, “The Consequences of Khat Use: A Review of Literature,” European Journal of Psychiatry, 17 (2003), 80.
5. See N. Carrier, “The Need for Speed: Contrasting Timeframes in the Social Life of Kenyan Mmiraa,” Africa, 75 (2005), 539–58.