1. William Dean Howells, A Modern Instance (1882; reprint, New York: Penguin, 1984), 213, 451;
2. William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885; reprint, New York: Penguin, 1986), 6, 21.
3. William Dean Howells, A Hazard of New Fortunes (1890; reprint, New York: New American Library, 1965), 310;
4. William Dean Howells, The Quality of Mercy (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1891), 113–114; Howells, A Modern Instance, 262;
5. Michael Robertson, Stephen Crane, Journalism, and the Making of Modern American literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 23, 25–28.