1. Beatrice Gottlieb, “The Problem of Feminism in the Fifteenth Century,” in Women of the Medieval World: Essays in Honor of John H. Mundy, ed. Julius Kirshner and Suzanne F. Wemple (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985). p. 341 [337–641.
2. Carolyn Anderson examines the ways in which chronicles express fear of both female power and civil war by sharply limiting the empress’s role in their narratives, “Narrating Matilda, ‘Lady of the English,’ in the Historia Novella, the Gesta Stephani, and Wace’s roman de Rou: The Desire for Land and Order,” Clio: A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History 29 (1999): 47–49 [47–67].
3. John Gillingham, “Killing and Mutilating Political Enemies in the British Isles from the Late Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Century: A Comparative Study,” in Britain and Ireland 900–1300: Insular Responses to Medieval European Change, ed. Brendan Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 119 [114–34].
4. David Crouch, The Reign of King Stephen, 1135–1154 (Harlow, England: Longman, 2000), p. 1.
5. Green, Lives of the Princesses, pp. 143–46; David Crouch, The Beaumont Twins: The Roots and Branches of Power in the Twelfth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 50;